ABSTRACT
The state of Piauí is in a Cerrado/Caatinga transition area, which is known the richness of its fauna and flora. Therefore, this work aims to know the diversity of fruit fly species in cashew orchards and native forest fragments in the south-central region of Piauí. Fruit flies were collected in McPhail traps and by sampling fruits. The material collected from the traps and the fruits in the two areas were taken to the Laboratory of Phytotechnics from Campus Prof. Cinobelina Elvas at the Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI/CPCE), municipality of Bom Jesus, Piauí, Brazil. In McPhail traps, six species of the genus Anastrepha: A. alveata, A. dissimilis, A. fraterculus, A. manihoti, A. obliqua, and A. zenildae were captured, of which A. fraterculus, A. obliqua, and A. zenildae were present in both areas. Anastrepha alveata, A. dissimilis and A. manihoti occurred only in the cashew orchard. In fruit sampling, A. fraterculus, A. obliqua, and A. zenildae infested wild-guava fruits, Myrcia tomentosa (Myrtaceae), in native forest. Anastrepha fraterculus, A. obliqua and A. zenildae were obtained directly from M. tomentosa fruits and from traps. The availability of host fruits is the factor that most influences the population fluctuation of fruit flies, mainly in the native forest area. Anastrepha manihoti is reported for the first time in the state of Piauí. This is the first record of A. fraterculus, A. obliqua and A. zenildae, infesting wildguava fruits, M. tomentosa.
Subject(s)
Tephritidae/classification , Psidium/parasitology , BiodiversityABSTRACT
Occurrences of Anastrepha barbiellinii Lima, Anastrepha connexa Lima, Anastrepha consobrina (Loew), Anastrepha kuhlmanni Lima, Anastrepha leptozona Hendel, and Anastrepha xanthochaeta Hendel are recorded for the first time in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The species were captured in McPhail traps baited with hydrolyzed protein (5%) in orchards of cultivated species and in a remnant of the Atlantic Forest in the municipality of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, or obtained from the collection of species deposited in the Regional Museum of Entomology (UFVB) of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Viçosa, in the state of Minas Gerais.(AU)
Ocorrências de Anastrepha barbiellinii Lima, Anastrepha connexa Lima, Anastrepha consobrina (Loew), Anastrepha kuhlmanni Lima, Anastrepha leptozona Hendel e Anastrepha xanthochaeta Hendel são registradas pela primeira vez no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. As espécies foram capturadas em armadilhas do tipo McPhail com um atrativo alimentar de proteína hidrolisada (5%) em três pomares de espécies cultivadas e um remanescente de Mata Atlântica no município de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, ou obtidas por meio de levantamento de espécies de Tephritidae depositadas no Museu Regional de Entomologia (UFVB) da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Viçosa, estado de Minas Gerais.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Trees , Tephritidae/classification , Fruit , BiodiversityABSTRACT
Abstract The objective of this trial was to characterize the assemblage structure of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) by determining the diversity and faunal indices. Fruit flies were collected for ten years between 2003 and 2015 in six municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba, Paraná. The orchards were divided into three crop protection strategies: organic, conventional, and integrated pest management. The characteristic of each community was determined using the Shannon-Wiener, Margalef, and Pielou's indexes. The frequency, constancy, and dominance indexes were also determined. Biological material was analyzed using the explanatory variables: site, crop, plant protection strategy, and susceptibility period. A total of 8,089 fruit flies were collected, of which 4,681 were females. The species Anastrepha daciformis Bezzi, A. dissimilis Stone, A. distincta Greene and A. pickeli Lima were recorded for the first time in Paraná State, the occurrence of three other species was recorded for the first time in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba (A. montei Lima, A. obliqua Macquart, and A. sororcula Zucchi), in addition A. fraterculus (Wiedemann), A. grandis (Macquart) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). A. fraterculus accounted for 98.5% of the collected species. Only A. fraterculus and A. sororcula were found in fruits. Fruit flies occurred predominantly in peach trees cultivated under organic conditions. The Shannon index indicated that the municipality of Cerro Azul had the highest diversity and richness whereas apple orchards had the lowest diversity. Crops cultivated under organic conditions exhibited the highest diversity whereas those cultivated under conventional conditions had the highest evenness index. The largest specimens number was collected during the period of crop susceptibility.
Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar agrupamento de espécies de moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) pela determinação da diversidade e dos índices faunísticos. As moscas-das-frutas foram coletadas por dez anos entre 2003 e 2015 em seis municípios da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba, no Paraná. Os pomares foram divididos em três estratégias de proteção de culturas: orgânica, convencional e integrada. A característica de cada comunidade foi determinada usando os índices de Shannon-Wiener, Margalef e Pielou. Os índices de freqüência, constância e dominância também foram determinados. O material biológico foi analisado utilizando as variáveis explicativas: local, cultura, estratégia de proteção e período de susceptibilidade. Foram coletadas 8.089 moscas-das-frutas, sendo 4.681 fêmeas. As espécies Anastrepha daciformis Bezzi, A. dissimilis Stone, A. distincta Greene e A. pickeli Lima foram registradas pela primeira vez no Estado do Paraná, e pela primeira vez, na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba, as espécies A. montei Lima, A. obliqua Macquart e A. sororcula Zucchi), além de A. fraterculus (Wiedemann), A. grandis (Macquart) e Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). A. fraterculus foi responsável por 98,5% das espécies coletadas. Apenas A. fraterculus e A. sororcula foram encontrados em frutos. As moscas-das-frutas ocorreram predominantemente em pessegueiros cultivados sob condições orgânicas. O índice de Shannon indicou que o município de Cerro Azul teve a maior diversidade e riqueza, enquanto que a cultura macieira teve a menor diversidade. As culturas sob condição orgânica exibiram a maior diversidade, enquanto as cultivadas em condições convencionais apresentaram o maior índice de uniformidade. O maior número de espécimes foi coletado durante o período de suscetibilidade à cultura.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Crops, Agricultural/growth & development , Tephritidae/physiology , Biodiversity , Animal Distribution , Crop Production/methods , Brazil , Forests , Citrus/growth & development , Rosaceae/growth & development , Tephritidae/classification , Organic AgricultureABSTRACT
The guava fruit (Psidium guajava) is among the most strongly affected by fruit flies in Brazil. In the Brazilian Amazon, 11 species of Anastrepha have been reported in guava orchards to date. This work aimed to identify the species of Anastrepha present in a guava orchard in the municipality of Boa Vista, determine the species infesting the fruits, and identify any parasitoids present. Two McPhail traps with food bait were installed and weekly collections were made between January and December 2008. Fruits were also collected systematically during this period, with a view to determining the association between host plant and tephritid species. Nine species of Anastrepha were identified, in addition to one specimen belonging to a probable new species. Anastrepha striata Schiner, Anastrepha sororcula Zucchi, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), and Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) were the dominant species in the orchard, accounting for 84.8% of all captured individuals. All females collected directly from fruits were A. striata. Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) was the only parasitoid species obtained. In this work, Anastrepha ethalea (Walker) is reported for the first time in the state of Roraima.
A goiaba (Psidium guajava) é uma das frutas mais afetadas pelas moscas-das-frutas no Brasil. Na Amazônia brasileira 11 espécies de Anastrepha já foram relatadas nesta cultura. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos identificar as espécies de Anastrepha presentes em um pomar de goiabeira no município de Boa Vista, verificar quais espécies infestam os frutos e identificar os parasitoides presentes. Foram instaladas duas armadilhas tipo McPhail, contendo atrativo alimentar, sendo as coletas realizadas semanalmente, de janeiro a dezembro de 2008. Para determinar a associação entre a planta hospedeira e as espécies de tefritídeos foram realizadas coletas sistemáticas de frutos no mesmo período. Nove espécies de Anastrepha foram identificadas, além dessas foi obtido um exemplar pertencente a uma provável espécie nova. Anastrepha striata Schiner, Anastrepha sororcula Zucchi, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) e Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) foram as espécies dominantes no pomar e representaram 84,8% dos indivíduos capturados. Todas as fêmeas coletadas diretamente dos frutos pertenciam à espécie A. striata. Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) foi a única espécie de parasitoide obtida. Neste trabalho, Anastrepha ethalea (Walker) é assinalada pela primeira vez no estado de Roraima.
Subject(s)
Animals , Agricultural Pests , Psidium/parasitology , Tephritidae/classification , BrazilABSTRACT
The purpose of this work was to describe the population patterns of Anastrepha in three municipalities of the state of Roraima, Brazil, via faunistic analysis. Weekly collections were performed from January through December 2008, using McPhail traps containing 5% hydrolysed protein, in domestic orchards in the municipalities of Boa Vista, Bonfim and Pacaraima. We captured 301 females of Anastrepha in Boa Vista, 212 in Bonfim, and 167 in Pacaraima. Boa Vista presented the highest species richness (S = 10) and Pacaraima the lowest (S = 4). Anastrepha striata was the predominant species in Boa Vista (47.18%) and Pacaraima (65.87%), whereas A. obliqua predominated in Bonfim (46.23%). Boa Vista presented the highest Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H' = 1.19) and Margalef index (α = 1.58), and Bonfim presented the highest Pielou's evenness index (J' = 0.69). In Pacaraima the cumulative curves reached stability, confirming that the observed and expected species richness were the same. In the other two municipalities, the curves showed a moderate growth, suggesting that the sampling effort was not sufficient to produce an accurate depiction of species richness. In this study, Anastrepha zernyi is reported for the first time in Roraima.
Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar populações de Anastrepha spp. em três municípios do estado de Roraima, por meio de uma análise faunística. Foram realizadas coletas semanais, de janeiro a dezembro de 2008, utilizando-se armadilhas tipo McPhail contendo proteína hidrolisada a 5%, em pomares domésticos nos municípios de Boa Vista, Bonfim e Pacaraima. Foram capturadas 301 fêmeas de Anastrepha em Boa Vista, 212 em Bonfim e 167 em Pacaraima. Boa Vista apresentou maior riqueza de espécies (S = 10) e Pacaraima a menor (S = 4). Anastrepha striata predominou em Boa Vista (47,18%) e Pacaraima (65,87%), e A. obliqua em Bonfim (46,23%). Boa Vista apresentou o maior índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener (H' = 1,19) e de Margalef (α = 1,58), e Bonfim apresentou o maior índice de equitabilidade de Pielou (J' = 0,69). Em Pacaraima as curvas acumulativas se estabilizaram, confirmando que a riqueza observada foi equivalente à esperada. Nos demais municípios as curvas apresentaram um crescimento moderado o que sugere que o esforço amostral não foi suficiente para amostrar a riqueza de espécies. Neste estudo, Anastrepha zernyi é registrada pela primeira vez em Roraima.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Biodiversity , Tephritidae/classification , Brazil , Population DensityABSTRACT
Mariner-like elements (MLE) are members from class II of transposable elements also known as DNA transposons. These elements have a wide distribution among different groups of organisms, including insects, which can be explained by horizontal and vertical gene-transfer. MLE families have been described in tephritid flies and other genera. During screening for Wolbachia bacteria in fruit flies of the genus Anastrepha, we discovered two sequences related to mariner-like elements. Based on these sequences, we designed primers that allowed us to isolate and characterize two new mariner-like elements (Anmar1 and Anmar2) in Anastrepha flies. These elements, which belong to the mellifera and rosa subfamilies have a low nucleotide diversity, and are probably inactive and acquired by vertical transfer. This is the first report of mariner-like transposons in flies found in South America.
Subject(s)
Animals , DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , Tephritidae/classification , Tephritidae/genetics , Transposases/genetics , PhylogenyABSTRACT
Complex genitalia occur in many arthropods and in some species extreme female morphologies lead to serious mechanical difficulties for males. Tephritid flies offer examples of such complex genitalia. Because of their economic importance and the extensive use of sterile male releases for tephritid control in Texas and Mexico, studies have been done on various aspects of their basic reproductive biology, but the process of intromission has received little attention. The distiphallus of the male of Anastrepha ludens is complex. One membranous sac on the distiphallus is capable of rhythmic cycles of inflation and deflation. Inflations of the sac near the base of the distiphallus probably help propel the aedeagus deeper into the female along with stiffening of the basiphallus and may drive the genital rod (which does not transfer sperm) into the ventral receptacle. We were unable to establish an association between some of the behaviours displayed by males during mating and intromission process. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (1): 291-297. Epub 2011 March 01.
En muchos artrópodos, se observan genitales complejos; la morfología extrema en las hembras podría conducir a serios problemas mecánicos para los machos (Kamimura & Matsuo 2001). Las moscas tefrítidas tienen ejemplos de tales órganos genitales complejos. Debido a su importancia económica y la amplia utilización de machos estériles para el control biológico en Texas y México, se han realizado estudios sobre diversos aspectos de su biología reproductiva, pero el proceso de penetración ha recibido muy poca atención. El distiphallus de los machos de Anastrepha ludens es complejo. Un saco membranoso en el distiphallus es capaz de realizar ciclos rítmicos de inflación y deflación. El inflado de la bolsa cerca de la base del distiphallus, junto con la rigidez del basiphallus probablemente ayuda a impulsar el edeagus más profundamente en la hembra y orientar la vara genital (que no transfiere esperma) en la región del receptáculo ventral. No pudimos establecer una asociación entre algunas de las conductas mostradas por los machos durante el apareamiento y el proceso de intromisión.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Copulation/physiology , Genitalia, Female/anatomy & histology , Genitalia, Male/anatomy & histology , Tephritidae/physiology , Tephritidae/anatomy & histology , Tephritidae/classificationABSTRACT
Anthropogenic changes in the landscape result in an environmental mosaic with serious consequences for biodiversity. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of the anthropogenic changes on Asteraceae richness and abundance, and to evaluate the consequences for the richness of Tephritidae assemblages in five sampling sites, with three sampled habitats in each: cerrado (Brazilian savanna), eucalyptus stands and pasture. Sampling was carried out in 15 random transects (cerrados and one pasture) and in 30 transects (eucalyptus stands and the remaining pastures). Composition, species richness and insect abundance in each habitat type was estimated by sampling the flower heads for each species of host plant, collected by four people for 1h. Differences in mean abundance of plant population between habitats and sites were tested by two-way ANOVA. Differences in plant species richness between habitats and sites and effects of habitat, site and host plant richness on insect richness were tested using a generalized linear model with Poisson errors. Within each sampling site, cerrados showed higher species richness of Asteraceae than pastures and eucalyptus stands. There were also significant differences in plant richness among sites. Mean population abundance values were significantly different among habitats, but not among sites. Increased host plant richness led to significant insect species richness. There were no additional significant effects of habitat on insect richness. Therefore, anthropogenic alterations in landscape determined the impoverishment of plant assemblages and therefore of insect assemblages, because of the positive relationship between host plant richness and insect richness.
Subject(s)
Animals , Asteraceae , Biodiversity , Tephritidae , Asteraceae/classification , Tephritidae/classificationABSTRACT
Devido à importância das moscas-das-frutas como pragas da fruticultura, este trabalho teve como objetivos caracterizar as populações das moscas-das-frutas em pomares comerciais de goiaba na região do Cariri, Estado do Ceará, por meio de índices faunísticos e estudar a flutuação populacional dessas moscas ao longo do ano. Para isso, foram instaladas armadilhas McPhail nos Municípios de Barbalha, Crato e Juazeiro do Norte. As armadilhas foram examinadas semanalmente e as moscas capturadas foram triadas, conservadas em álcool a 70% e identificadas. Constatou-se que Anastrepha zenildae (Wiedemann), A. sororcula Zucchi, A. fraterculus (Wiedemann), A. obliqua (Macquart) e Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) foram as moscas-das-frutas associadas à goiaba. Dessas, A. zenildae. A. sororcula e A. obliqua foram dominantes e constantes na região estudada, enquanto que A. fraterculus e C. capitata foram não-dominantes, mas também constantes. A. zenildae ocorreu em quase todos os meses do ano, exceto em outubro e dezembro de 2008, nos três pomares de goiaba do Cariri e com picos populacionais nos meses mais chuvosos e com temperaturas amenas.
Due to the importance of fruit-flies as pests in fruit growing, the present study was aimed to characterize the populations of fruit-flies in commercial guava orchards in the Cariri region (state of Ceará), Brazil, by means of faunistic indexes and to study their population fluctuation during the year. For this purpose, McPhail traps were installed in the counties Barbalha, Crato and Juazeiro do Norte. The traps were examined weekly and the captured flies were separated, preserved in 70% alcohol and identified. Anastrepha zenildae (Wiedemann), A. sororcula Zucchi, A. fraterculus (Wiedemann), A. obliqua (Macquart) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) were associated with guava fruits. Of them, A. zenildae. A. sororcula and A. obliqua were dominant and constant in the studied region, while A. fraterculus and C. capitata were non-dominant but constant. A. zenildae occurred in almost all months of the year, except October and December of 2008, with population peaks in the rainy season with its milder temperatures.
Subject(s)
Animals , Tephritidae/anatomy & histology , Tephritidae/classification , Psidium , Brazil , Animal Population GroupsABSTRACT
Four species of Tephritoidea, three from genus Anastrepha: A. obliqua (Macquart), A. sororcula Zucchi and A. serpentina (Wiedemann), and one from genus Ceratitis, C. capitata (Wiedemann) were compared based on puparium morphology and application of the Heteroduplex Mobility Assay (HMA). Puparia were characterized for the first time using the spiracular posterior plate morphology. Application of HMA allowed the detection of variability in the D2 domain from 28S rRNA gene in all four species (confirmed by sequencing). This is a fast, simple, sensitive and inexpensive assay that was used for the first time in the analysis of two Tephritoidea genera. The detected variability suggests that the tecnique has great potential for rapid determination of infestations with two or more species in the same host fruit.
Foram comparadas com base na morfologia do pupário e na técnica de HMA (Heteroduplex Mobility Assay)) quatro espécies de Tephritoidea, três delas pertencentes ao gênero Anastrepha, A. obliqua (Macquart), A. sororcula Zucchi e A. serpentina (Wiedemann) e uma do gênero Ceratitis, C. capitata (Wiedemann). Os pupários foram caracterizados pela primeira vez com base na morfologia da placa espiracular posterior. A aplicação da técnica de HMA possibilitou a detecção de variabilidade no segmento D2 do gene 28S rRNA nas quatro espécies (confirmada por seqüenciamento). Esta é uma técnica rápida, simples, sensível e barata que é aplicada pela primeira vez na análise de dois gêneros de Tephritoidea. A variabilidade observada sugere grande potencial da técnica no caso da determinação da infestação por duas ou mais espécies num mesmo fruto hospedeiro.
Subject(s)
Tephritidae/anatomy & histology , Tephritidae/genetics , Heteroduplex Analysis/methods , Pest Control , Pupa , Tephritidae/classificationABSTRACT
Fruits were collected over a 12-year period to determine the host status for the Carambola fruit fly, Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock, and other tephritid species in Suriname, South America. Over 11,000 fruit samples were collected from many locations and the total of 20 fruit species were recorded as host, ranging in infestation from heavy to occasional. Over 650 samples of 188 fruit species, including many wild species, were collected and no fruit flies were reared. This work, which started specifically to obtain information on the Carambola fruit fly, resulted also in detailed information regarding the importance, distribution and host preferences of several Anastrepha species, and the status of fruit fly parasitoids.
Durante um periodo de 12 anos foram coletados frutos para determinar as plantas hospedeiras da mosca-da-carambola, Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock, e outras espécies de tefrítidos que ocorrem no Suriname, América do Sul. Mais de 11.000 amostras de frutos foram coletadas de diversas localidades e somaram o total de 20 espécies de frutos tidos como hospedeiros, classificados como infestação entre forte e até ocasional. Mais de 650 amostras de 188 espécies de frutos, incluindo várias espécies selvagens, foram coletadas porém não foram encontradas as moscas nas frutas. Este trabalho, que começou especificamente para obter informações sobre a mosca-da-carambola, resultou também em informações sobre a importância, distribuição e preferência de diferentes espécies de Anastrepha para as plantas hospedeiras e a importância de parasitóides de moscas-das-frutas.
Subject(s)
Diptera/growth & development , Tephritidae/classificationABSTRACT
Este trabalho foi conduzido na área abrangida pelo campus da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz da Universidade de São Paulo, no município de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo. Teve como objetivos, determinar a composição do gênero Anastrepha Schiner e verificar a associação das espécies de plantas hospedeiras, estabelecidas na área, com as espécies de Anastrepha. Foram examinadas 23.277 fêmeas de Anastrepha coletadas por meio de armadilhas McPhail e 18 espécies pertencentes a nove grupos de espécies foram registradas. Um total de 563 amostras de frutos pertencentes a nove famílias e, pelo menos, 23 espécies de plantas foi coletado em 47 estações de capturas. Foram identificadas 10.243 fêmeas e das 18 espécies de Anastrepha capturadas em armadilhas somente seis emergiram das amostras de frutos: A. bistrigata Bezzi, A. fraterculus (Wied.), A. obliqua (Macquart), A. pseudoparallela (Loew), A. serpentina (Wied.) e A. sororcula Zucchi. A. fraterculus infestou maior diversidade de frutos. Os hospedeiros preferidos de A. obliqua foram as espécies da família Anacardiaceae. A. pseudoparallela e A. serpentina infestaram exclusivamente Passifloraceae e Sapotaceae, respectivamente. A. fraterculus é registrada pela primeira vez em sapoti (Manilkara zapota L.) no Brasil.